Data notes
Every table, chart and ranking on this site is produced automatically from price series and public filings. This page explains, for each kind of data, how the figures are calculated, what they refer to and where they stop being reliable. The short version of each note appears as a footnote directly under the block it belongs to.
Two things apply throughout. Analysis and presentation are partly AI-assisted; figures are calculated by code, while wording and graphics may be generated. And none of it is investment advice — past performance says nothing about future performance.
Where the data comes from, how often it is refreshed and why our figures may differ from other providers is set out on the Methodology and data sources page.
Markets and overviews
Index returns and the 52-week range
Each index is represented by a price series; where no series exists for the index itself, a widely traded ETF on that index stands in for it. Returns are pure price changes — dividends, taxes and trading costs are not included, while for ETF series the fund's own costs are already reflected in the price. The 52-week range shows where the current price sits between the low and the high of the last 252 trading days.
Data as of:
Stock rankings
The ranking covers only stocks for which we maintain a sufficiently long price series — it is not a slice of any particular index and not the whole market. The return is the pure price change over 12 months, excluding dividends, taxes and trading costs. Corporate actions such as splits or spin-offs can distort individual names.
Data as of:
Crypto prices
Crypto trades around the clock, so the daily close is a fixed cut-off rather than a market close. Prices refer to US dollar trading in the most liquid pairs — other venues and other currencies can differ.
Data as of:
Currency rates
Currency pairs are represented by standardised futures contracts because those have a single, verifiable daily close. Spot rates as quoted by a bank can differ slightly — through the forward premium, trading hours and the spread.
Data as of:
Commodities and precious metals
Commodities and precious metals have no single spot price, so the most heavily traded running futures contract stands in for the market. When that contract expires the next one takes over — which produces a jump in the series that is not a real daily move. We do not smooth these rollovers out; in the daily reports, however, outliers of this kind are kept out of the headlines.
Data as of:
ETF master data: costs and size
Total expense ratio and fund size come from the fund companies' own disclosures and are re-read regularly. Fund size moves with prices and inflows, so it is a snapshot. The selection covers only the European-traded ETFs we track — not a complete market directory.
Data as of:
Interest rates, inflation and the labour market
Interest rate, inflation and labour market series come from the publications of central banks and statistical offices and are neither converted nor smoothed. The as-of date is shown per series because the series are published at different frequencies — daily, monthly or quarterly. Later revisions by the agencies are picked up with the next refresh.
Prices, performance and risk
Price charts
The chart shows closing prices, not the intraday path — highs and lows within a day are not visible in it. Dividends and distributions are not included, so the line is a price line, not a total-return line. Comparison series in the chart are indexed to the starting point so that instruments at different price levels can be compared.
Performance tables
The periods run backwards from the most recent trading day; the starting value is the first quote on or after the cut-off date, not an interpolated one. Calendar years are formed from the last price of each year — the current year and the first year on record are therefore incomplete. Past performance says nothing about future performance.
Risk metrics
The maximum drawdown is the largest fall from a peak to the following trough, measured on closing prices. Volatility is the standard deviation of daily returns, annualised over 252 trading days. Best and worst year refer to calendar years derived from year-end prices; the shorter the history, the less these three figures carry.
Correlations
The value r is the correlation of two instruments' daily returns over 90 trading days: +1 means they move together completely, 0 means no relationship, −1 means they move exactly opposite. The comparison spans stocks, indices, crypto, commodities and FX, always on the same trading days. Correlation is not causation — and it is not stable: in stressed markets, otherwise independent assets often move together.
Companies and funds
Key financials
Revenue, earnings and balance sheet items are taken unchanged from the annual filing; margins, return on equity, equity ratio and growth are calculated from them. Only companies that file with the SEC are covered — which is why the block is missing for stocks outside the US. Fiscal years do not all end in December, so comparing two companies may compare different periods.
Similar stocks
The list shows stocks with the same sector and country classification from our coverage. That is a rough neighbourhood: companies in one sector can run very different businesses, and the country of domicile says little about where revenue comes from. The list is not meant as a selection for a portfolio.
ETF coverage
The count is how many of the ETFs we cover hold a stock — not how many ETFs worldwide do. Our fund coverage is unevenly distributed across providers, so extrapolating to the whole market would be wrong. The percentile is more robust because every covered stock is measured against the same set: it gives the share of stocks held in strictly fewer ETFs. Where stocks tie, all of them receive the lower value. A high value says something about how widely a stock is held in index funds, nothing about the quality or valuation of the company.
Fund holdings
Fund companies publish their holdings with a delay and at differing intervals, which is why the as-of date sits directly at the block and is usually older than the prices on the same page. Weights refer to that date and shift afterwards through price moves alone. Sector and country breakdowns are computed from the same holdings.
Index composition
Index providers do not publish their full constituent lists freely. We therefore show the holdings of a large ETF on the same index — including that fund's own deviations: sampling instead of full replication, cash positions and an as-of date in the past. That is enough for orders of magnitude and concentrations, but it is not an official index list.
Performance as reported by the issuer
We do not calculate these figures ourselves; they come from the fund company's own disclosure and follow its conventions — usually including reinvested distributions and net of fund costs. That is why they differ from our own performance table on the same page, which is derived from prices. Cut-off dates and currency may differ as well.
Crypto, macro and tools
Market capitalisation and rank
The rank follows from market capitalisation, that is circulating supply multiplied by price. How many units actually circulate is in part self-reported by the projects, and locked or lost holdings are not treated consistently. The rank therefore moves even without a large price change.
Altcoin Season Index
The index counts how many of the largest altcoins outperformed Bitcoin over the last 90 days and expresses that as a percentage. It is based on the leading coins by market capitalisation with a sufficiently long price history — stablecoins and coins without history drop out. The index measures relative strength against Bitcoin, not the direction of the crypto market as a whole.
Country indicators
The series are annual and published with a substantial lag; the value shown is the most recent available one, not the current year's. Not every country reports every series, so gaps stay visible rather than being estimated. Stock and ETF lists on the same page come from our own coverage and are not a complete market overview.
Economic calendar
Only releases with a computable rhythm are included, such as "first Friday of the month" or "third business day". Central bank rate decisions are deliberately absent: those meeting dates are set by the committees and follow no formula. All times are computed in UTC and converted only for display; short-notice changes by the publishing body are not reflected.
Model portfolios
The weights are fixed in advance and applied retrospectively to the price series of the building blocks. Such a backtest already knows the outcome and leaves out transaction costs, taxes, spreads and one's own behaviour during drawdowns. It shows how an allocation would have behaved — not how it will behave.
Calculators and tools
The tools compute deterministically from what is entered — different assumptions produce different results, and none of them is more likely than another. Transaction costs, spreads, taxes and exchange rates are included only where the individual tool asks for them explicitly. Historical price series only cover what actually happened; rare events are under-represented in them.